Engineering random spin models with atoms in a high-finesse cavity

All-to-all interacting, disordered quantum many-body models have a wide range of applications across disciplines, from spin glasses in condensed-matter physics, over holographic duality in high-energy physics, to annealing algorithms in quantum computing. Typically, these models are abstractions that do not find unambiguous physical realisations in nature. Here, we realise an all-to-all interacting, disordered spin system by subjecting an atomic cloud in a cavity to a controllable light shift. Adjusting the detuning between atom resonance and cavity mode, we can tune between disordered versions of a central-mode model and a Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick model. By spectroscopically probing the low-energy excitations of the system, we explore the competition of interactions with disorder across a broad parameter range. We show how disorder in the central-mode model breaks the strong collective coupling, making the dark state manifold cross over to a random distribution of weakly-mixed light-matter, "grey", states. In the Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick model the ferromagnetic finite-size ground state evolves towards a paramagnet as disorder is increased. In that regime, semi-localised eigenstates emerge, as we observe by extracting bounds on the participation ratio. These results present significant steps towards freely programmable cavity-mediated interactions for the design of arbitrary spin Hamiltonians.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, methods, supplementary materia

Towards quantum simulation with circular Rydberg atoms

The main objective of quantum simulation is an in-depth understanding of many-body physics. It is important for fundamental issues (quantum phase transitions, transport, . . . ) and for the development of innovative materials. Analytic approaches to many-body systems are limited and the huge size of their Hilbert space makes numerical simulations on classical computers intractable. A quantum simulator avoids these limitations by transcribing the system of interest into another, with the same dynamics but with interaction parameters under control and with experimental access to all relevant observables. Quantum simulation of spin systems is being explored with trapped ions, neutral atoms and superconducting devices. We propose here a new paradigm for quantum simulation of spin-1/2 arrays providing unprecedented flexibility and allowing one to explore domains beyond the reach of other platforms. It is based on laser-trapped circular Rydberg atoms. Their long intrinsic lifetimes combined with the inhibition of their microwave spontaneous emission and their low sensitivity to collisions and photoionization make trapping lifetimes in the minute range realistic with state-of-the-art techniques. Ultra-cold defect-free circular atom chains can be prepared by a variant of the evaporative cooling method. This method also leads to the individual detection of arbitrary spin observables. The proposed simulator realizes an XXZ spin-1/2 Hamiltonian with nearest-neighbor couplings ranging from a few to tens of kHz. All the model parameters can be tuned at will, making a large range of simulations accessible. The system evolution can be followed over times in the range of seconds, long enough to be relevant for ground-state adiabatic preparation and for the study of thermalization, disorder or Floquet time crystals. This platform presents unrivaled features for quantum simulation

Atomes de Rydberg en interaction : des nuages denses d'atomes de Rydberg à la simulation quantique avec des atomes circulaires

Interacting many-body quantum systems are at the heart of contemporary research in quantum physics. The understanding of such systems is crucial to the development of condensed-matter physics. Many research efforts aim at building a "quantum simulator": a platform which allows to model a hard-to-access quantum system with a more controllable one. Ensembles of Rydberg atoms, thanks to their strong dipolar interactions, make for an excellent system to study many-body quantum physics. We present here a study of the excitation of a dense cloud of interacting Rydberg atoms. This study was conducted on an experimental setup mixing on-chip cold atoms techniques with Rydberg atoms manipulation techniques. The result of this study leads us to make a full-fledged proposal for the realisation of a quantum simulator, based on trapped circular Rydberg atoms. The proposed simulator is particularly promising due to its flexibility and to the long simulation times for which it would allow. We conclude this manuscript with a detailed description of the first experimental step towards building such a simulator: the on-chip excitation of circular Rydberg atoms.Les systèmes quantiques à N corps en interaction sont au cœur des problèmes actuels de la recherche en physique quantique. La compréhension de tels systèmes est un enjeu crucial pour le développement des connaissances en physique de la matière condensée. De nombreux efforts de recherche visent à la construction d'un « simulateur quantique » : une plateforme permettant de modéliser, grâce à un système quantique bien contrôlé, un système quantique dont l'accès expérimental est difficile. Les fortes interactions dipolaires entre atomes de Rydberg représentent un objet d'étude choix pour ce type de problème. Nous présentons dans le présent manuscrit une étude des conditions d'excitation d'un nuage dense d'atomes de Rydberg en interaction, permise par le dispositif expérimental dont nous disposons, qui mêle les techniques de piégeage et de refroidissement d’atomes sur puce avec les techniques de manipulation des niveaux de Rydberg. Les résultats de cette étude nous permettent de formuler une proposition expérimentale complète de développement d'un simulateur quantique fondé sur le piégeage d'atomes de Rydberg circulaires. Le simulateur que nous proposons est très prometteur, grâce à sa flexibilité et aux longs temps de simulation qu’il permettrait. Nous terminons ce manuscrit par la description détaillée de la première étape sur le chemin vers ce simulateur : l'excitation d’atomes de Rydberg circulaires sur puce

Interacting Rydberg atoms : from dense clouds of Rydberg atoms to quantum simulation with circular atoms

Les systèmes quantiques à N corps en interaction sont au cœur des problèmes actuels de la recherche en physique quantique. La compréhension de tels systèmes est un enjeu crucial pour le développement des connaissances en physique de la matière condensée. De nombreux efforts de recherche visent à la construction d'un « simulateur quantique » : une plateforme permettant de modéliser, grâce à un système quantique bien contrôlé, un système quantique dont l'accès expérimental est difficile. Les fortes interactions dipolaires entre atomes de Rydberg représentent un objet d'étude choix pour ce type de problème. Nous présentons dans le présent manuscrit une étude des conditions d'excitation d'un nuage dense d'atomes de Rydberg en interaction, permise par le dispositif expérimental dont nous disposons, qui mêle les techniques de piégeage et de refroidissement d’atomes sur puce avec les techniques de manipulation des niveaux de Rydberg. Les résultats de cette étude nous permettent de formuler une proposition expérimentale complète de développement d'un simulateur quantique fondé sur le piégeage d'atomes de Rydberg circulaires. Le simulateur que nous proposons est très prometteur, grâce à sa flexibilité et aux longs temps de simulation qu’il permettrait. Nous terminons ce manuscrit par la description détaillée de la première étape sur le chemin vers ce simulateur : l'excitation d’atomes de Rydberg circulaires sur puce.Interacting many-body quantum systems are at the heart of contemporary research in quantum physics. The understanding of such systems is crucial to the development of condensed-matter physics. Many research efforts aim at building a "quantum simulator": a platform which allows to model a hard-to-access quantum system with a more controllable one. Ensembles of Rydberg atoms, thanks to their strong dipolar interactions, make for an excellent system to study many-body quantum physics. We present here a study of the excitation of a dense cloud of interacting Rydberg atoms. This study was conducted on an experimental setup mixing on-chip cold atoms techniques with Rydberg atoms manipulation techniques. The result of this study leads us to make a full-fledged proposal for the realisation of a quantum simulator, based on trapped circular Rydberg atoms. The proposed simulator is particularly promising due to its flexibility and to the long simulation times for which it would allow. We conclude this manuscript with a detailed description of the first experimental step towards building such a simulator: the on-chip excitation of circular Rydberg atoms